The wound healing cascade and GHK-Cu: Normal wound healing occurs in four overlapping phases: Hemostasis clotting Inflammation immune cell recruitment Proliferation new tissue formation Remodeling scar maturation GHK-Cu appears to favorably influence phases 2, 3, and 4 simultaneously: In the inflammatory phase , it reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-) while preserving necessary immune signaling In the proliferative phase , it stimulates keratinocyte migration and fibroblast proliferation, accelerating epithelial coverage In the remodeling phase , it promotes type I collagen deposition over type III (scar) collagen, leading to better scar outcomes This multi-phase tissue repair activity makes GHK-Cu a compound of interest when studied alongside other regenerative peptides
Am J Nephrol 51:520526 Wu Y, Cheng W, Yang XD, Xiang B (2013) Growth hormone improves growth in pediatric renal transplant recipientsa systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Before the cell testing, we analyzed the pH of the samples tested and we excluded the pH of copper compounds as the influencing factor of their potential cytotoxicity (SI 2)
10.3389/fphys.2020.593026
